The guinea pig as a relevant preclinical model in the rat race for a vaccine against congenital cytomegalovirus infection.

Abstract

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a leading cause of congenital disease in newborns causing cognitive impairment and hearing loss as a result of placental and fetal infection. Primary infection establishes a life-time persistent viral state with potential for severe disease in immune suppressed individuals. Natural convalescent immunity does not prevent re-infection or congenital CMV (cCMV) by a new viral strain. Despite decades of research, an effective vaccine against cCMV remains an elusive goal. The guinea pig is an important model for various human diseases and the only small-animal model for cCMV. Human CMV (HCMV) is highly species-specific, and animal studies require species-specific CMV. Guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) exhibits similarities to HCMV for tissue tropism, cell entry pathways, receptors and functional homolog proteins as pathogenicity factors or vaccine target antigens. Consequently, studies in this model potentially enable a better understanding of CMV disease and preclinical development of therapeutic and intervention strategies against cCMV and cross strain protection. This review provides a summary of CMV research carried out in this model and advancements made towards the development of an effective cCMV vaccine.