Survey on Endoparasite Diversity in European Wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris) in Italy.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The European wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris, hereafter only wildcat), is a key carnivore species in Europe and faces population declines due to habitat fragmentation, hybridization with domestic cats, and disease transmission. Parasites from domestic animals pose a significant health risk, potentially affecting wildcat survival. To assess disease risks, this study examines parasite richness and abundance in three genetically distinct wildcat populations from Italy (Friuli Venezia Giulia, Basilicata, and Sicily). METHODS: Between 2005 and 2022, necropsies were conducted on wildcat carcasses collected from these regions, following standardized protocols for genetic identification, biometric measurements, and parasitological examinations. Parasites, isolated from anatomical systems, were morphologically identified. Bayesian linear mixed models evaluated the influence of sex, age, region, and organ type on parasite richness and abundance. RESULTS: Among 51 carcasses, 39 were genetically confirmed wildcats, 8 domestic cats, and 4 hybrids. Road accidents were the primary cause of death (84.6%). All wildcats harboured at least one parasite species, with gastrointestinal parasites in 97.4% and respiratory parasites in 64%. Toxocara cati (84.6%), Ancylostoma tubaeforme (56.4%), and Taenia taeniaeformis (82.1%) were the most prevalent species. Parasite richness and abundance were higher in intestines. In addition, parasite richness was lower in Sicilian wildcats whereas parasite abundance was lower for adult wildcats. Parasite richness and abundance show a positive linear relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Regional and age-specific variations in parasite prevalence suggest environmental influences and an increased resistance to parasites infection in adult wildcats. The presence of parasites highlights the need for conservation efforts to mitigate disease transmission. The findings herein reported emphasize the importance of continued research to assist wildcat conservation strategies and address emerging health threats.