Posterior pericardiotomy: An effective strategy for reducing post-coronary artery bypass grafting complications, with considerations for pleural effusion risk.

Abstract

<h4>Background</h4>Postoperative complications such as atrial fibrillation and pericardial effusion are frequent after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), contributing to increased morbidity and prolonged hospital stays. Posterior pericardiotomy (PP), a surgical technique involving incision of the posterior pericardium to allow drainage, has been suggested as a preventive measure. However, its overall efficacy and safety profile, including potential risks like pleural effusion, require comprehensive evaluation amid varying study qualities. We hypothesized that PP reduces key post-CABG complications compared to standard care.<h4>Aim</h4>To determine the efficacy of PP in reducing postoperative complications following CABG.<h4>Methods</h4>This systematic review and meta-analysis included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from PubMed, Cochrane, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Ovid, comparing PP <i>vs</i> no PP in adult CABG patients. Studies were conducted in tertiary care hospital settings. Twenty RCTs with 5331 participants were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria. The intervention involved intraoperative PP. Primary outcome was postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF); secondary outcomes included effusions, tamponade, hospital/intensive care unit stay, and bleeding revisions. Risk ratios (RRs), mean differences, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effects models; heterogeneity assessed <i>via I</i> ² statistic.<h4>Results</h4>Twenty RCTs analyzed 5331 patients (2665 with PP <i>vs</i> 2666 without). PP significantly lowered POAF (10% <i>vs</i> 21%; RR = 0.48, 95%CI: 0.36-0.65, <i>P</i> < 0.00001; <i>I</i> ² = 70%), cardiac tamponade (0.5% <i>vs</i> 3%; RR = 0.16, 95%CI: 0.08-0.34, <i>P</i> < 0.00001; <i>I</i> ² = 0%), early pericardial effusion (2% <i>vs</i> 6%; RR = 0.31, 95%CI: 0.14-0.68, <i>P</i> = 0.004; <i>I</i> ² = 96%), and late pericardial effusion (1% <i>vs</i> 9%; RR = 0.11, 95%CI: 0.05-0.21, <i>P</i> < 0.00001; <i>I</i> ² = 0%). Hospital stay decreased (mean difference = -1.23 days, 95%CI: -1.87 to -0.59, <i>P</i> = 0.0002; <i>I</i> ² = 85%). Pleural effusion risk increased (25% <i>vs</i> 17%; RR = 1.46, 95%CI: 1.21-1.76, <i>P</i> < 0.0001; <i>I</i> ² = 0%). No significant effects on mortality (RR = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.48-1.76, <i>P</i> = 0.80; <i>I</i> ² = 0%), intensive care unit stay, or bleeding revisions.<h4>Conclusion</h4>PP effectively reduces POAF, pericardial effusions, tamponade, and hospital stay in CABG patients, though it increases pleural effusion risk and shows heterogeneity in some outcomes.