PCR Detection, Genotyping, and Differentiation of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> from <i>Hammondia hammondi</i> Excreted in the Feces of Cats in Poland Between 2020 and 2024

Abstract

Toxoplasmosis, caused by <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>, is a widespread parasitic infection affecting humans and animals. The genetic diversity of <i>T. gondii</i> varies across regions, with type I, II, and III strains predominantly circulating in Europe and North America. This study genotyped 67 (78.8%) <i>T. gondii</i> DNA isolates from cats using nested and multilocus PCR-RFLP, identifying type I, genotype #10 (ToxoDB#10), for the first time in Poland. The other 18 (21.2%) stool samples containing <i>T. gondii</i>-like oocysts were confirmed as <i>Hammondia hammondi.</i> Comparative analysis with data from other countries highlights notable regional differences in genotype prevalence. The high occurrence of genotype 3 (ToxoDB#3) in central Europe may be linked to its presence in wild rodents and insectivores, key reservoirs in the parasite’s life cycle. Additionally, genetic analysis of meat products and livestock indicates a potential transmission pathway to felines through raw or undercooked meat consumption. These findings contribute to a better understanding of <i>T. gondii</i> epidemiology and its implications for public health and veterinary medicine.