Inducing agents and PCOS - A comprehensive analysis.

Abstract

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a severe and heterogeneous endocrine disorder affecting 6-20 % of women of reproductive age globally. Despite its high prevalence, the underlying etiology and pathophysiology remain unclear, necessitating the use of animal models to study disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets. This review critically evaluates various induction agents used in PCOS animal models and their ability to mimic the clinical, metabolic, and reproductive manifestations of the human condition. Induction agents explored include androgens [Testosterone, Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)], estrogen (estradiol valerate), aromatase inhibitors (letrozole), endocrine disruptors (bisphenol A), and dietary modifications (high-fat or high-sugar diets). These agents, administered in species such as rats, mice, zebrafish, reproduce hallmark PCOS features, including hyperandrogenism, anovulation, polycystic ovaries, and insulin resistance. The review highlights the mechanisms, symptom profiles, and translational relevance of each model. Comparative analysis is provided to assess the strengths and limitations associated with each agent, considering factors such as hormonal balance, metabolic function, and reproductive outcomes. Animal models serve as essential tools for understanding PCOS and testing therapeutic interventions. Each inducing agent offers unique insights into specific aspects of the disorder, although none fully replicates the human syndrome. The selection of the agent and animal species based on research goals is vital for clinical relevance. Future work should focus on integrating models that reflect both reproductive and metabolic features of PCOS to improve translational value.