From Medical Imaging to Bioprinted Tissues: The Importance of Workflow Optimisation for Improved Cell Function.

Abstract

<h4>Background</h4>The rapid advancement of 3D bioprinting is transforming possibilities in tissue engineering and personalised medicine, offering innovative solutions to critical biomedical challenges such as organ shortages and the need for precise 3D cellular models. To fully unlock the potential of this technology, anoptimised and comprehensive workflow is essential.<h4>Methods</h4>This review provides a systematic examination of the bioprinting process, covering key steps from medical image acquisition to the validation of bioprinted structures. The analysis includes biomaterial and cell type selection, conversion of DICOM images into 3D-printable models, and slicing techniques.<h4>Results</h4>Key factors influencing the precision, viability, and clinical relevance of bioprinted tissues are identified. Comparisons between planar and non-planar slicing algorithms highlight their impact on scaffold integrity. The review also discusses advancements in algorithm development, bioprinter technology, and biomaterial optimisation, emphasising their role in enhancing reproducibility and functionality.<h4>Conclusions</h4>This structured review offers actionable insights for researchers and practitioners aiming to refine bioprinting workflows. By integrating improvements across imaging, modelling, and material selection, 3D bioprinting can more effectively support the development of clinically relevant constructs, advancing regenerative medicine and personalisedhealthcare.