First report ofsp. andin raptors.

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: . andare common zoonotic pathogens threatening human and animal health. These parasites are widely distributed in birds, and substantial research on their prevalence has been conducted. However, no studies onsp. andin raptors exist. METHODS: The present study collected 335 fecal samples from raptors in Changdao, China. The prevalence and genotypes ofsp. andwere determined through amplification ofrRNA and ITS gene. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using MEGA 11 with the neighbor-joining method (Kimura 2-parameter model, 1000 replicate). RESULTS: The overall infection rates ofsp. andin raptors were 1.19% (4/335) and 1.79% (6/335), respecttively. Among them, the highest infection rate ofsp. was observed in(3.85%, 1/26), whileshowed the highest infection rate of(33.33%, 1/3), followed by(7.69%, 1/13). This study identified twosp. subtypes: ST3 and ST10 in raptors for the first time. Regardingin raptors, we identified four genotypes: CHN-F1, HND-III, BEB6, and HLJD-I. Among these, BEB6 and CHN-F1 are notable for their zoonotic potential and the risk of waterborne outbreaks. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that raptors may be potential transmitters ofsp. andto humans and other animals, as well as sources of water contamination. This study fills a gap in the research onsp. andin raptors and is important for public health safety.