Effect of long-term overfeeding of a high-energy diet on glucose tolerance in Shetland pony mares.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Overfeeding is associated with obesity and insulin dysregulation (ID), which are both risk factors for equine metabolic syndrome. How chronic overfeeding affects development of these factors is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES: To examine the influence of long-term high-energy diet provision on body condition and ID. ANIMALS: Eleven Shetland pony mares. METHODS: In a 3-phase study, the high-energy group (n = 7) was fed 200% of net energy (NE) requirements (hay; concentrate: 36% sugar and starch, 13% fat) for 24&#x2009;weeks, followed by 17&#x2009;weeks hay-only feeding before resuming the high-energy diet (n = 4) for an additional 29&#x2009;weeks. Mares were weighed weekly. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed 3 to 4 times per dietary period. Results were compared with those of a control group (phase 1, n = 4; phases 2 and 3, n = 6) that received 100% NE requirements, using a general linear mixed model with post hoc Bonferroni testing. RESULTS: The mean body weight of the high-energy group increased by 27% per high-energy feeding period. During both feeding periods, area under the curve (AUC) for plasma glucose concentration decreased (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;.01), whereas AUC for plasma insulin concentration increased. Mean basal plasma glucose concentration and peak plasma insulin concentrations were higher (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;.05) in the high-energy group than in the control group. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Feeding a high-energy diet to healthy nonobese Shetland pony mares led to more efficient glucose metabolism within 5&#x2009;weeks, followed by significant hyperinsulinemia and obesity. Hyperinsulinemic status was reversed during 17&#x2009;weeks of hay-only feeding, regardless of body condition, but returned rapidly after restarting the high-energy diet.