Diluted sodium hypochlorite (bleach) in dogs: antiseptic efficacy, local tolerability and in vitro effect on skin barrier function and inflammation.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Diluted sodium hypochlorite represents an inexpensive and widely available topical antiseptic, but there are no tolerability and efficacy data in veterinary dermatology. OBJECTIVES: To determine the in vivo antibacterial effect and tolerability of topical diluted bleach application and to assess its in vitro effect on skin barrier lipids and anti-inflammatory properties on keratinocytes. METHODS: Topical hypochlorite at 0.05% and tap water were applied to both sides of the thorax of four healthy dogs. The anti-inflammatory effect on canine keratinocytes was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction; skin barrier integrity was assessed by evaluating stratum corneum lipid changes in canine stratified epidermal constructs. RESULTS: The cell viability of primary keratinocytes treated with water and diluted hypochlorite at 0.005 and 0.01%, reduced the percentage of viable cells by 10%. The exposure of primary keratinocytes to 0.005% diluted hypochlorite significantly reduced the induction of inflammatory genes chemokine ligand-2 (CCL2; P = 0.015) and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17, P = 0.032). There were no changes in skin lipid ceramide and nonceramide fractions in stratified epidermal constructs cultured for 17 days with 0.05% hypochlorite. Topical hypochlorite at 0.05% and tap water were well-tolerated without signs of skin irritation. Although a marked reduction in bacterial counts was seen within 20 min of diluted bleach application compared to the tap water control, this was only marginally significant (P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The results indicate that a topical diluted bleach solution, at either 0.05 or 0.005% hypochlorite concentrations, is a well-tolerated antiseptic that also exhibits anti-inflammatory properties.