Desmoplakin Cardiomyopathy: Gene Dose-Dependent Myocardial Remodeling, Arrhythmias, and Premature Death.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Pathogenic variants in DSP cause arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies with variable inheritance pattern. Recessive mutations underlie syndromic forms such as Carvajal syndrome, whereas dominant variants cause DSP cardiomyopathy, a left-dominant arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy characterized by early electrical instability, inflammation, and fibrosis. The mechanisms driving these phenotypes remain poorly defined. OBJECTIVES: The authors sought to create a clinically relevant platform to investigate disease mechanisms in Desmoplakin Cardiomyopathy. METHODS: We generated a knock-in mouse carrying the Dspmutation, orthologous to the human pathogenic hotspot S299R. Heterozygous and homozygous mice (n ≥6/group) were longitudinally phenotyped by echocardiography, electrocardiographic telemetry, histology, and ultrastructural and molecular analyses. Moderate treadmill exercise was used as a physiological stressor. Outcomes included cardiac function, arrhythmias, fibrosis, apoptosis, inflammation, and desmosomal integrity. RESULTS: Homozygous Dspmice developed early biventricular dysfunction with subepicardial necrosis, replacement fibrosis, myocardial inflammation, spontaneous arrhythmias, and cutaneous defects, recapitulating Carvajal syndrome. Heterozygous Dspmice exhibited hallmarks of dominant DSP cardiomyopathy: patchy left ventricular fibrosis, apoptosis, inflammation, and electrical instability preceding systolic impairment. Desmosomal remodeling occurred in both genotypes, with connexin-43 mislocalization evident from 1 month, whereas β-catenin nuclear translocation and reduced DSP/DSG2 protein were restricted to homozygotes. Of note, spontaneous arrhythmias and electrical instability were already present in both genotypes, temporally preceding structural remodeling. Exercise accelerated apoptosis, fibrosis, arrhythmias, and premature death. CONCLUSIONS: This Dspknock-in model captures key aspects of recessive and dominant DSP cardiomyopathies, uniquely combining spontaneous arrhythmias, inflammation, and extracardiac features. This model provides a unique in vivo platform to dissect DSP-related arrhythmogenic mechanisms and to test therapies aimed at preventing sudden cardiac death.