3D-Printed Models in Oral Surgery Simulation Training: A Scoping Review.

Abstract

<h4>Background</h4>Advancements in three-dimensional (3D) printing have introduced innovative tools for medical and dental education. In dental surgery, 3D-printed simulation models offer valuable presurgical training. This review explores the scope, study types, key findings, limitations, and future research needs to enhance their application in dental education.<h4>Methods</h4>A comprehensive literature search was conducted across seven major health and education databases for studies published up to June 2025. A structured search strategy was developed using a combination of MeSH terms and keywords related to dental and oral surgical procedures, educational interventions, and 3D printing. Two reviewers independently screened and evaluated the retrieved articles. Studies were included if they investigated the use of 3D-printed models as hands-on simulation tools for intraoral surgery education. Only peer-reviewed articles published in English were considered.<h4>Results</h4>A total of 3686 studies were identified, 34 of which met the inclusion criteria after screening. These studies, largely published within the past decade, evaluated the use of 3D-printed models as training tools across five core areas of intraoral surgery, with the greatest focus on minor oral surgery (32%) and maxillofacial related procedures: orthognathic procedures (26%), followed by cleft palate surgery (15%), implant surgery (15%), and periodontal interventions (12%). Various printers and materials were employed, with an emphasis on model fabrication and evaluation through trainee feedback. The models were widely accepted by trainees, who reported improved technical skills, increased confidence, and reduced procedure time. However, challenges remain, particularly the need for advanced soft tissue-replicating material to enhance anatomical realism.<h4>Conclusion</h4>3D-printed models are effective tools for pre-operative planning and hands-on training in oral surgery. Future research should focus on developing cost-efficient printing technologies and advanced materials to better replicate hard and soft tissues in these models. Furthermore, well-designed studies are needed to support changes to implementation into current curricula and enhance the delivery of surgical education.